High Protein Diet Research Articles

Associations between dietary habits and bipolar disorder: a diet-wide mendelian randomization study

BackgroundDiet/nutrition is critically important in the pathogenesis, progression, and treatment outcomes of various mental disorders. Current research predominantly focuses on the role of diet in the development and treatment of depression, with less attention given to the relationship between diet and Bipolar Disorder (BD).MethodWe employed Mendelian Randomization (MR) to investigate the relationship between 28 dietary habits and BD. An analysis was conducted using publicly available genome-wide association study data from the UK Biobank dataset. Various dietary habits were analyzed as exposures with BD as the outcome, mainly using the Inverse Variance Weighted (IVW) method.ResultsIntake of non-oily fish and sponge pudding both have a positive association with BD. Oily fish, dried fruit, apples, salt, and cooked vegetables intake also appeared potentially risky for BD, although the possibility of false positives cannot be ruled out. Sensitivity analysis further confirmed the robustness of these findings.ConclusionOur research provides evidence of a relationship between various dietary habits and BD. It underscores the need for careful dietary management and balance to reduce the risk of BD, suggesting caution with dietary preferences for fish and sponge pudding. Furthermore, more detailed studies are needed to further understand the potential impacts of high-sugar and high-protein diets on BD development.

Effect of a higher protein diet and lifestyle camp intervention on childhood obesity (The COPE study): results from a nonrandomized controlled trail with 52-weeks follow-up

Abstract Purpose In adults, diets rich in protein seem beneficial in relation to satiety, weight loss, and weight management; however, studies investigating dietary protein and weight development in children are scarce and inconsistent. This nonrandomized controlled trial aimed to investigate the effect of a higher protein diet during lifestyle intervention on anthropometry and metabolic biomarkers in children with overweight and obesity. Methods Children (n:208) were recruited from two multicomponent lifestyle camps. One camp was assigned as the intervention group. In the intervention group, carbohydrates-rich foods at breakfast and two in-between-meals were replaced with protein-containing foods to increase the amount of protein from ~ 10–15 energy percent (E%) per day to ~ 25E% per day. Other components were similar between groups. Anthropometry and biochemical measurements were collected at baseline, 10 weeks (after camp) and 52 weeks. Results The intervention group had a non-significant improvement in BMI-SDS (− 0.07 SD (− 0.19; 0.05), p = 0.24) compared to the control group, but in general, there was no effect of a higher protein diet on anthropometry and metabolic biomarkers. Overall, 10 weeks at camp resulted in a more favorable body composition [− 6.50 kg (p < 0.00), − 0.58 BMI-SDS (p < 0.00), and − 5.92% body fat (p < 0.00)], and improved metabolic health, with most changes maintained at 52 weeks. Conclusion A higher protein diet had no significant effect on body composition and metabolic health; however, these lifestyle camps are an efficiatious treatment strategy for childhood obesity. Clinical trial registration: clinicaltrials.gov with ID: NCT04522921. Preregistered August 21st 2020.

Spatial metabolomics using mass-spectrometry imaging to decipher the impact of high red meat diet on the colon metabolome in rat

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in the world with a higher prevalence in the developed countries, mainly caused by environmental and lifestyle factors such as diet, particularly red meat consumption. The metabolic impact of high red meat consumption on the epithelial part of the colon was investigated using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging (MSI), to specifically analyze the epithelial substructure. Ten colons from rats fed for 100 days high red or white meat diet were subjected to untargeted MSI analyses using two spatial resolutions (100 μm and 10 μm) to evaluate metabolite changes in the epithelial part and to visualize the distribution of metabolites of interest within the epithelium crypts. Our results suggest a specific effect of red meat diet on the colonic epithelium metabolism, as evidenced by an increase of purine catabolism products or depletion in glutathione pool, reinforcing the hypothesis of increased oxidative stress with red meat diet. This study also highlighted cholesterol sulfate as another up-regulated metabolite, interestingly localized at the top of the crypts. Altogether, this study demonstrates the feasibility and the added value of using MSI to decipher the effect of high red meat diet on the colonic epithelium.

Xanthinuria in a familial group of Munchkin cats and an unrelated domestic shorthair cat.

Four confirmed cases of xanthinuria in cats, and one suspected case based on pedigree analysis, were identified. Clinical presentations varied and included haematuria, pollakiuria, dysuria, and urethral and ureteral obstruction. All cats had upper urinary tract uroliths. Diagnosis was obtained through infrared mass spectrometry of uroliths or urine. Clinical signs commenced at 3-8 months of age and reduced in all cats in the medium to long term after the introduction of a protein-restricted diet. Four cats were castrated males and one was a spayed female. Cases consisted of four Munchkin pedigree cats and one unrelated domestic shorthair cat. All four affected Munchkin pedigree cats were related, with three cases full siblings and the fourth case a half-sibling. No connection to the Munchkin pedigree could be established for the domestic shorthair cat. A candidate causative genetic variant (XDH p.A681V) proposed for this cat was excluded in the Munchkin family. All affected cats presented diagnostic challenges and routine urinalysis was insufficient to obtain a diagnosis. Cases of feline xanthinuria may be underdiagnosed due to situations where uroliths cannot be retrieved for analysis and there is an inability to make a diagnosis using crystal morphology alone on routine urinalysis. Metabolic screening of urine may provide an effective mechanism to confirm xanthinuria in suspected cases where uroliths are inaccessible or absent. In this case series, male cats were more common. Their anatomy may increase the risk of lower urinary tract signs and urethral obstruction developing secondary to xanthine urolithiasis. A protein-restricted diet appears to reduce clinical signs as part of long-term management. Four closely related Munchkin cats and one domestic shorthair cat were found with a suspected genetic disease causing high levels of xanthine in their urine. The case series looks at similarities and differences in their clinical signs, as well as difficulties experienced in obtaining a correct diagnosis. All cats had upper urinary tract stones and required metabolic testing of the stones or urine to diagnose. All cats were young when their clinical signs started and were on a high-protein diet. Four cats were desexed males and one was a desexed female. A genetic variant that may have caused the disease in the domestic shorthair cat was ruled out in the Munchkin family. Cases of high xanthine levels in feline urine may be underdiagnosed as the stones may not be accessed for testing. In this case series, male cats were more common. Their anatomy may increase the risk of lower urinary tract signs. A protein-restricted diet appears to reduce clinical signs as part of long-term management.

Medically-Tailored Meals for Patients with Cirrhosis and Hepatic Encephalopathy: The BRAINFOOD proof-of-concept trial

Background and AimsGuidelines recommend that patients with Hepatic Encephalopathy (HE) receive a high-protein diet (roughly 1 g/kg actual body weight). Concommitant sodium restriction, low health literacy, and food insecurity limit patients’ ability to meet this goal. We aimed to determine the feasibility of home-delivered high protein medically tailored meals (MTM) for patients with a recent episode of overt HE. MethodWe enrolled patients with prior overt HE on active HE therapy in a 6 month trial of MTM. All received 12 weeks of 21 home-delivered meals/week with protein snacks (mid-day and bedtime). Patients completed follow-up at week 24. The primary outcome was feasibility. Additional outcomes included change in protein and micronutrient intake (measured using 24-hour dietary recalls performed by dieticians), cognitive function (animal naming test, ANT; encephalapp stroop), physical function (liver frailty index, LFI), and quality of life (SF-8). Healthcare utilization was also assessed. Results10 patients competed the study with >90% of MTM consumed. Protein intake rose from 74.6+25.1g at baseline to 93.8+24.3g on MTM (p=0.04). Branched-chain amino acids also increased – valine 3.73+1.26g to 5.17+1.28, isoleucine 3.32+1.18 to 4.69+1.55, leucine 5.83+2.00 to 7.49+2.07, all p<0.001. LFI improved from 4.42±0.32 to 3.96±0.82 by the end of the MTM phase (p=0.03). SF-8 quality of life scores improved from 55.5±15.5 at baseline to 64.7±18.3 after the MTM phase, to 64.4±19.1 at the end of the study (p=0.1). EncephalApp-Stroop time improved from 227±94 to 194±58s by the end of the MTM phase (p=0.08). ANT scores were similarly non-significantly improved. ConclusionHome delivered MTM are feasible, increase protein consumption, and may improve patient well-being. A randomized trial is needed.

Is there a beneficial effect of a high-protein diet on body composition and strength capacity in physical active middle-aged individuals?-An eight-week randomized controlled trial.

Demographic changes are resulting in a continual increase in the proportion of individuals over 65 years old. Simultaneously, muscle mass (MM) tends to decrease with age, with a decline noticeable from the middle of the fourth decade of life. While physical activity is considered a modulator for maintaining MM, the interaction with nutrient uptake, especially protein intake, is getting more into focus. Due to a lack of data on the effect of a high-protein diet on middle-aged individuals (40-65 years), this study aimed to investigate the influence of a high-protein diet in middle-aged physically active persons on body composition and performance. Using stratified randomization, participants were allocated to either a high-protein group (>2.3 g/kg FFM/day) (n = 12, age = 57.83 ± 7.74 years, height = 170.42 cm ± 11.04 cm, BMI = 30.26 ± 4.46, MM = 31.71 ± 6.89 kg) or a control group (<2.3 g/kg/FFM/day) (n = 14, age = 58.21 ± 6.44 years, height = 170.57 cm ± 8.28 cm, BMI = 26.31 ± 5.59, MM = 29.67 ± 8.08 kg). Body composition [fat-free mass (FFM), fat mass (FM), MM] and strength were assessed at baseline (T0), after four weeks (T1) and after eight weeks (T2). Exercise habits were not changed over the entire period and dietary habits were recorded using FDDB Explorer. Statistical analysis was performed using the current version of R and linear mixed models. No significant differences in energy intake were found between the groups (p = .974). In macronutrient distribution, a significantly higher consumption of protein was found in the high-protein group (p < .0001, d = 2.22) [140 ± 70 g/day (HPG) vs. 79 ± 40 g/day (CG)]. A trivial reduction in FM over time in both groups (p = .046, d = 0.04, ) was observed. No significant differences were detected in FFM (p = .887) and MM (p = .711). Trivial interaction effects (time*group) were observed for upper (p = .007, d = 0.12, ΔHPG = 4.38 ± 3.25 kg) and lower body strength (p = .0507, d = 0.07, ΔHPG = 3.33 ± 2.36 kg). Our results indicate no to only trivial effects of adding a high-protein diet to otherwise physically active middle-aged individuals. Trivial effects could be seen for an increase in muscle strength after this eight-week intervention. However, MM and FFM were not significantly affected. Based on the small effect sizes we observed in our results we do not see a benefit of a high-protein diet on body composition and strength capacity without altering the exercise habits.

Butyrate and iso-butyrate: a new perspective on nutrition prevention of gestational diabetes mellitus

BackgroundDietary imbalance, such as a lower proportion of complex carbohydrates and a higher protein diet, may contribute to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risks through their metabolisms. However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the association between butyrate, iso-butyrate, and GDM, which are metabolisms of the two primary nutrients above. This study aimed to clarify the association of butyrate and iso-butyrate with GDM.MethodsA nested case–control study was conducted based on the Beijing Birth Cohort Study (BBCS) from 2017 to 2018. Totally, 99 singleton women were involved (GDM: n = 49, control: n = 50). All participants provided blood samples twice (in their first and second trimesters). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for butyrate and iso-butyrate detection. Unconditional logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis were used for statistical analysis.ResultsThe results showed that butyrate in the first trimester was negatively correlated with GDM (odds ratio (OR): 0.00, 95% confidential interval (CI): 0.00–0.21, P = 0.008), and iso-butyrate in the second trimester was positively related to GDM (OR: 627.68, 95% CI: 40.51–9724.56, P < 0.001). The ratio (butyrate/iso-butyrate) was negatively associated with GDM, both in the first trimester (OR: 0.00, 95%CI: 0.00–0.05, P < 0.001) and in the second trimester (OR: 0.52, 95% CI: 0.34–0.80, P = 0.003). The area under the curve (AUC) using the ratio in the first trimester combined with clinical risk factors achieved 0.89 (95% CI: 0.83–0.95). Iso-butyrate in the second trimester combined with clinical risk factors achieved an AUC of 0.97 (95% CI: 0.92–1.00).ConclusionsHigh iso-butyrate and low butyrate levels may be associated with an increased risk of GDM. As they are produced through dietary nutrient formation by gut microbiota, further studies on the association of dietary intake and butyrate or iso-butyrate concentration in plasma may help find a novel approach to nutritional intervention for GDM.

Do high-protein diets have the potential to reduce gut barrier function in a sex-dependent manner?

Impaired gut barrier function is associated with systemic inflammation and many chronic diseases. Undigested dietary proteins are fermented in the colon by the gut microbiota which produces nitrogenous metabolites shown to reduce barrier function in vitro. With growing evidence of sex-based differences in gut microbiotas, we determined whether there were sex by dietary protein interactions which could differentially impact barrier function via microbiota modification. Fermentation systems were inoculated with faeces from healthy males (n = 5) and females (n = 5) and supplemented with 0.9g of non-hydrolysed proteins sourced from whey, fish, milk, soya, egg, pea, or mycoprotein. Microbial populations were quantified using fluorescence in situ hybridisation with flow cytometry. Metabolite concentrations were analysed using gas chromatography, solid phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and ELISA. Increased protein availability resulted in increased proteolytic Bacteroides spp (p < 0.01) and Clostridium coccoides (p < 0.01), along with increased phenol (p < 0.01), p-cresol (p < 0.01), indole (p = 0.018) and ammonia (p < 0.01), varying by protein type. Counts of Clostridium cluster IX (p = 0.03) and concentration of p-cresol (p = 0.025) increased in males, while females produced more ammonia (p = 0.02), irrespective of protein type. Further, we observed significant sex-protein interactions affecting bacterial populations and metabolites (p < 0.005). Our findings suggest that protein fermentation by the gut microbiota in vitro is influenced by both protein source and the donor's sex. Should these results be confirmed through human studies, they could have major implications for developing dietary recommendations tailored by sex to prevent chronic illnesses.

Nutritional knowledge of in-school adolescents in Sokoto, North-Western Nigeria

Background: Good nutrition knowledge is a modifiable determinant of dietary behaviours and contributes to strengthen the skills and abilities needed to resist the environmental influences leading to poor dietary habits among adolescents. Objectives were to assess the nutrition knowledge of in-school adolescents in Sokoto, Nigeria and associated factors. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of adolescents selected through multistage random sampling. Data was obtained using pre-tested semi-structured interviewer administered questionnaire. Data was analyzed using IBM® SPSS version 25. Results: A total of 389 subjects were recruited with a mean age of 15.46±1.67 SD and most of them 231 (59.4%) were females. Most 300 (77.1%) of the participants were Hausa, 350 (90%) were Muslims, 278 (71.5%) were from the senior class, and majority 360 (92.5%) resided in urban areas. A large proportion 312 (80.2%) of the participants had good knowledge about classes of food. Only 40 (10.3%) had good knowledge of energy rich food. Two hundred and ninety-eight (76.6%) and 89 (22.9%) had knowledge on high protein diet and good fat diet respectively. Only 107 (27.5%) had good knowledge on minerals and vitamins that are good for bone development. Majority 317 (81.5%) and 341 (87.7%) of the respondents knew eating balanced diet is important and could prevent diseases, respectively. Age category (p=0.007) was the only factor that predicted nutrition knowledge. The main source of nutrition information of the adolescents was teachers 336 (86.4%). Conclusions: Respondents had good knowledge of classes of food. There is however, the need to emphasize on teaching adolescents in the study area about specific nutrient providing meals such as energy rich food, good fat, minerals and vitamins.

Dietary cysteine and methionine promote peroxisome elevation and fat loss by induction of CG33474 expression in Drosophila adipose tissue

The high-protein diet (HPD) has emerged as a potent dietary approach to curb obesity. Peroxisome, a highly malleable organelle, adapts to nutritional changes to maintain homeostasis by remodeling its structure, composition, and quantity. However, the impact of HPD on peroxisomes and the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Using Drosophila melanogaster as a model system, we discovered that HPD specifically increases peroxisome levels within the adipose tissues. This HPD-induced peroxisome elevation is attributed to cysteine and methionine by triggering the expression of CG33474, a fly homolog of mammalian PEX11G. Both the overexpression of Drosophila CG33474 and human PEX11G result in increased peroxisome size. In addition, cysteine and methionine diets both reduce lipid contents, a process that depends on the presence of CG33474. Furthermore, CG33474 stimulates the breakdown of neutral lipids in a cell-autonomous manner. Moreover, the expression of CG33474 triggered by cysteine and methionine requires TOR signaling. Finally, we found that CG33474 promotes inter-organelle contacts between peroxisomes and lipid droplets (LDs), which might be a potential mechanism for CG33474-induced fat loss. In summary, our findings demonstrate that CG33474/PEX11G may serve as an essential molecular bridge linking HPD to peroxisome dynamics and lipid metabolism.Graphical abstractHPD, with cysteine and methionine serving as key amino acids, specifically elevates peroxisome levels in the adipose tissues of Drosophila by inducing CG33474 expression. CG33474/PEX11G performs two essential biological roles in an evolutionarily conserved manner: firstly, overexpression of CG33474/PEX11G leads to increased peroxisome size; secondly, CG33474/PEX11G promotes the breakdown of LDs in a cell-autonomous manner (by strengthening peroxisome-LD interaction). Furthermore, TOR signaling is required for cysteine- and methionine-induced CG33474/PEX11G expression.

Association between advanced glycation end-products and fall risk in older adults: The Yakumo Study.

Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are irreversibly and heterogeneously formed compounds during the non-enzymatic modification of macromolecules, such as proteins. Aging and lifestyle habits, such as high-fat and high-protein diets, and smoking, promote AGEs accumulation. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between fall risk and AGEs in community-dwelling older adults. This cross-sectional study included patients from the 2022 Yakumo Study who were evaluated for fall risk index 5-items version, locomotive syndrome stage and AGEs. AGEs were evaluated using Skin autofluorescence (SAF) measured by the AGE reader (DiagnOptics Technologies BV, Groningen, the Netherlands). We divided the participants into two groups according to the presence or absence of fall risk (fall risk index 5-items version ≥6 or not), and investigated the factors associated with fall risk. The fall risk group had a higher age and SAF, and a higher proportion of locomotive syndrome stage >2 than the without fall risk group in patients aged ≥65 years (P < 0.01). The multivariate logistic regression analysis after adjustment of age, sex and body mass index showed that locomotive syndrome stage ≥2 and SAF were independent associators of fall risk in older adults (odds ratio 3.26, P < 0.01, odds ratio 2.96, P < 0.05, respectively). The optimal cutoff value of the SAF for fall risk was 2.4 (area under the curve 0.631; 95% CI 0.53-0.733; sensitivity 0.415; specificity 0.814; P < 0.05). The accumulation of AGEs in skin tissues can be used to screen for fall risk comprehensively. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2024; ••: ••-••.

Effect of High Energy Low Protein Diet on Lipid Metabolism and Inflammation in the Liver and Abdominal Adipose Tissue of Laying Hens.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a high-energy low-protein (HELP) diet on lipid metabolism and inflammation in the liver and abdominal adipose tissue (AAT) of laying hens. A total of 200 Roman laying hens (120 days old) were randomly divided into two experimental groups: negative control group (NC group) and HELP group, with 100 hens per group. The chickens in the NC group were fed with a basic diet, whereas those in the HELP group were given a HELP diet. Blood, liver, and AAT samples were collected from 20 chickens per group at each experimental time point (30, 60, and 90 d). The morphological and histological changes in the liver and AAT were observed, and the level of serum biochemical indicators and the relative expression abundance of key related genes were determined. The results showed that on day 90, the chickens in the HELP group developed hepatic steatosis and inflammation. However, the diameter of the adipocytes of AAT in the HELP group was significantly larger than that of the NC group. Furthermore, the results showed that the extension of the feeding time significantly increased the lipid contents, lipid deposition, inflammatory parameters, and peroxide levels in the HELP group compared with the NC group, whereas the antioxidant parameters decreased significantly. The mRNA expression levels of genes related to lipid synthesis such as fatty acid synthase (FASN), stearoyl-coA desaturase (SCD), fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) increased significantly in the liver and AAT of the HELP group, whereas genes related to lipid catabolism decreased significantly in the liver. In addition, the expression of genes related to lipid transport and adipokine synthesis decreased significantly in the AAT, whereas in the HELP group, the expression levels of pro-inflammatory parameters such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) increased significantly in the liver and AAT. Conversely, the expression level of the anti-inflammatory parameter interleukin-10 (IL-10) decreased significantly in the liver. The results indicated that the HELP diet induced lipid peroxidation and inflammation in the liver and AAT of the laying hens. Hence, these results suggest that chicken AAT may be involved in the development of fatty liver.

Tailoring the high-protein texture-modified foods for the dysphagia elderly by heating whey protein isolate-pectin complexes

Adequate dietary protein intake is an effective way to combat muscle wasting disorders in the elderly, who are highly susceptible to dysphagia due to declining physiological functions. Herein, whey protein isolate (WPI) and pectin electrostatic complexes were chosen to prepare texture-modified foods with high protein (15%, w/v) for dysphagia elderly. Firstly, the region of soluble complex formation was initially identified as pH 4.2–5.5 by determination of the zeta potential of both biopolymers. Following this, it was found that the stability of WPI-pectin complexes was significantly dependent on the increase in the amount of pectin (from 1.0 to 2.0 %, w/v). However, the viscoelasticity and the degree of WPI aggregation of these complexes after heat treatment (90 °C, 20 min) both showed the lowest level at pH 4.6 (it was fluid state) regardless of the pectin content, and the degree of protein aggregation weakened with the increase of pectin content. Additionally, the shear viscosity, yield stress, and tribological properties of the thermal complexes were also positively correlated with the degree of protein thermal aggregation. Moreover, based on the dietary texture classes developed by the International Dysphagia Diet Standardisation Initiative (IDDSI), unlike pure WPI thermally-induced gels that are attributed to level 6, the WPI-pectin thermal complexes can achieve texture class coverage from level 3 to level 6. These findings suggest that by modulating the electrostatic binding strength and positive-negative charge balance between WPI and pectin, tailored design of high-protein diets for elderly people with varying degrees of dysphagia may be achieved.

Efficacy of high-protein diet protocol and education after distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer patients to prevent loss of lean body mass in Korea: a non-randomized controlled study

Efficacy of high-protein diet protocol and education after distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer patients to prevent loss of lean body mass in Korea: a non-randomized controlled study

REMODELING OF THE BLOOD VESSEL PLEXUS OF THE CEREBELLUM AND FOURTH VENTRICLE OF CEREBRUM IN RATS DEPENDING ON THE DIET

The aim of the study is to evaluate the characteristics of remodeling of the blood vessel plexus of the fourth ventricle and the angioarchitecture of cerebellum in rats being exclusively on high-protein and high-fat diets.&#x0D; Materials and Methods. The study was conducted on white male rats weighing 200–250 g. The first group (n=5) consisted of intact rats kept on a standard food; the second group (n=5) included animals kept on a high-fat diet; the third group (n=5) enrolled rats being on a high-protein diet. Remodeling of the blood vessel plexus of the fourth ventricle of cerebrum and angioarchitecture of the cerebellum was assessed on the 15th and 30th days of the experiment. Circulatory bed and structural changes were assessed on histologic specimen (hematoxylin-eosin and van Gieson's stain). The content of cholesterol, glucose, total protein and albumin was determined in blood serum. SPSS 16.0 was used for statistical analysis. The significance of differences was determined by Student's test at p&lt;0.05.&#x0D; Results. Rats kept on an exclusively high-fat diet demonstrated a significant (p&lt;0.05) increase in the levels of total cholesterol, glucose and albumin in the blood serum compared to the control group. In animals being on an exclusively high-protein diet, the level of total serum protein increased by 69 % (p&lt;0.05), albumin – by 46 % (p&lt;0.05). High-fat diet led to the spasm of the blood vessel plexus of the fourth ventricle, thickening of the basement membrane of the villi capillaries, clearing of the cytoplasm with subsequent disruption of the capillary wall integrity and hemorrhage. In the cerebellum, the plethora of arteries and veins was observed; in the molecular layer, the concentration of basket and stellate cells decreased. High-protein diet led to hyperemia of the blood vessel plexus of the fourth ventricle and the vessels of the cerebellar cortex without vascular and tissue disorders.&#x0D; Conclusion. High-fat diet led to remodeling of the basement membrane, clearing of the cytoplasm, nuclei swelling, capillary wall spasm of the blood vessel plexus of the fourth ventricle, and chromatolysis of the Purkinje cell nuclei. High-protein diet was characterized by hyperemia of the blood vessel plexus of the fourth ventricle and cerebellum, and by hypertrophy and hyperplasia of Purkinje cells. High-fat diet caused more pronounced remodeling of the blood vessel plexus of the fourth ventricle of cerebrum and the cerebellar cortex compared to a high-protein diet.

Effects of dietary lipid and protein levels on metamorphosis, growth, metabolism and gut microbiota of tadpole (Lithobates catesbeianus)

Tadpole cultivation is a crucial step in the artificial production of bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeiana), but its feed nutrition is poorly understood. This study examined how dietary lipid and protein levels affect metamorphosis, growth and intestinal health of tadpole. Six groups of tadpoles were fed six diets with two lipid levels (7% and 10%) and three protein levels (36%, 40% and 44%) for 70 days. The results showed that at 7% lipid level, increasing protein enhanced metamorphosis rate and mean weight of tadpoles, reaching the optimal value at 40% protein (P < 0.05). At 10% lipid level, increasing protein also improved mean weight, peaking at 40% protein. Dietary nutrition also influenced liver amino acid and lipid metabolism directly. At 7% lipid level, increasing protein significantly increased the activities of hepatic enzymes GLS, PDH, ALT, AST, etc. (P < 0.05), and up-regulated the expression of hepatic genes fas, accb, fadd6 and cpt1a involved in lipid metabolism (P < 0.05). At 10% lipid level, increasing protein also up-regulated fadd6 and cpt1a genes (P < 0.05), but down-regulated acadl gene. Meanwhile, increasing dietary lipid level elevated TG and T-CHO levels in liver. Increasing dietary protein enhanced gut microbiota richness, while increasing lipid reduced it. Moreover, different gut microbiota groups had distinct biomarkers, such as Rikenellaceae, Desulfovibrionaceae, Burkholderiales and Bacteroidales, which were related to amino acid or lipid metabolism. In summary, under the test conditions, 7% lipid and 40% protein in diet are suitable levels, which can promote metamorphosis, growth and metabolism of tadpoles, and are more economical than high-lipid and high-protein diets.

High protein-low carbohydrate diet can improve hypoxia tolerance of triploid rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Effects on physiological and metabolic responses to acute hypoxia

Triploid rainbow trout is a hypoxia-sensitive fish species, and is susceptible to death in summer with high water temperature induced acute hypoxia. The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of high protein diet and high carbohydrate diet on hypoxic tolerance of triploid rainbow trout. Two isolipidic and isoenergetic diets with low protein-high carbohydrate level (LPHC) and high protein-low carbohydrate level (HPLC) were specifically formulated. After the feeding trial with 80 days, two group fish were treated with acute hypoxic challenge. Plasma biochemical parameters, hepatic anti-stress, antioxidant and immune related genes expression, and hepatic glucose, lipid, protein and amino acid metabolism related genes expression were then analyzed. The results showed that compared with HPLC diet, LPHC diet could result in excessive plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT; 36.3 VS 14.0 U/L), aspartate aminotransferase (AST; 978 VS 366 U/L), alkaline phosphatase (ALP; 374 VS 204 U/L), creatine phosphokinase (CPK; 7538 VS 4937 U/L) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH; 940 VS 451 U/L). In addition, HPLC diet could remodel metabolism of glucose, lipid and protein based on the mRNA expression levels of the genes regulating glycometabolism, lipometabolism, and protein and amino acids metabolism. HPLC diet also enhanced the mRNA expression levels of the genes regulating anti-stress (HSP70, HIF-1a and HIF-2a), antioxidant (Nrf2, SOD, CAT, GPx and HO-1) and immune (IFN-γ, IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-8). In total, LPHC diet could aggravate hypoxic stress of triploid rainbow trout, while HPLC diet could improve fish hypoxic tolerance.

Development of Multi-particulate Formulation of Glabridin with L-Phenylalanine and Its Pre-clinical Evaluation for Anti-obesity Activity

Obesity is a chronic condition that is defined by pathophysiological mechanisms that lead to an increase in adipose tissue mass as a result of positive energy balance. Obesity is a multi-factorial disorder involving different mechanisms of action like humoral and neurogenic actions. Hypertrophied and hyperplastic adipocytes are indicative of pathological obesity. In the current treatment regimen, the drugs used mainly focus on a single mechanism of action. Herbal medicines are reported to have anti-obesity activity but due to the presence of multiple phytoconstituents its very difficult for one to finalize the dose and issue of palatability. So the best solution is to focus on usage of active phytoconstituent as an anti-obesity medicine. A high protein diet proved to have anti-obesity activity, the main constituent responsible for this activity is L-phenylalanine which is an essential amino acid that produces its activity by stimulating the satiety centre and thus decreases food intake. In this study, we are combining glabridin from Glycyrrhiza glabra and L-phenylalanine as both show anti-obesity activity through different action mechanisms, which may result in synergism. The study aims to prepare multi-particulate system (granules) of glabridin with L-phenylalanine and evaluate their anti-obesity and hypo-lipidemic action in HFD-treated rats.

Design of a proteolytic module for improved metabolic modeling of Bacteroides caccae.

The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in health and is significantly modulated by human diets. In addition to Western diets which are rich in proteins, high-protein diets are used for specific populations or indications, mainly weight loss. In this study, we investigated the effect of protein supplementation on Bacteroides caccae, a Gram-negative gut symbiont. The supplementation with whey proteins led to a significant increase in growth rate, final biomass, and short-chain fatty acids production. A comprehensive genomic analysis revealed that B. caccae possesses a set of 156 proteases with putative intracellular and extracellular localization and allowed to identify amino acid transporters and metabolic pathways. We developed a fully curated genome-scale metabolic model of B. caccae that incorporated its proteolytic activity and simulated its growth and production of fermentation-related metabolites in response to the different growth media. We validated the model by comparing the predicted phenotype to experimental data. The model accurately predicted B. caccae's growth and metabolite production (R2 = 0.92 for the training set and R2 = 0.89 for the validation set). We found that accounting for both ATP consumption related to proteolysis, and whey protein accessibility is necessary for accurate predictions of metabolites production. These results provide insights into B. caccae's adaptation to a high-protein diet and its ability to utilize proteins as a source of nutrition. The proposed model provides a useful tool for understanding the feeding mechanism of B. caccae in the gut microbiome.IMPORTANCEMicrobial proteolysis is understudied despite the availability of dietary proteins for the gut microbiota. Here, the proteolytic potential of the gut symbiont Bacteroides caccae was analyzed for the first time using pan-genomics. This sketches a well-equipped bacteria for protein breakdown, capable of producing 156 different proteases with a broad spectrum of cleavage targets. This functional potential was confirmed by the enhancement of growth and metabolic activities at high protein levels. Proteolysis was included in a B. caccae metabolic model which was fitted with the experiments and validated on external data. This model pinpoints the links between protein availability and short-chain fatty acids production, and the importance for B. caccae to gain access to glutamate and asparagine to promote growth. This integrated approach can be generalized to other symbionts and upscaled to complex microbiota to get insights into the ecological impact of proteins on the gut microbiota.

The Effect of Hospital-Based Liquid Diet and Commercial Formulas on Laboratory Parameters and Postoperative Complications in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer.

Background: Patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) are at high risk of malnutrition. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of polymeric formulas available commercially and a high-protein liquid diet prepared in the hospital on laboratory parameters and postoperative complications in patients undergoing surgery for HNC. Methods: This single-center retrospective study included 149 patients who underwent surgery for HNC between 2008 and 2017. The following data were collected: patient and tumor characteristics, postoperative complications, and laboratory parameters measured at baseline and after surgery, including creatinine, alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and blood glucose levels. Correlations between the duration of enteral nutrition and blood parameters were assessed. Results: After surgery, patients receiving commercial formulas had lower creatinine and blood glucose levels and higher ALT and ASP levels than those on the hospital-based diet. The longer duration of feeding with commercial formulas before surgery was associated with enhanced preoperative levels of ALT and ASP and with lower postoperative blood glucose. Patients on the hospital-based diet had a higher rate of postoperative complications than those receiving commercial formulas (16.1% vs. 3.3%). Conclusions: There were no clinically important differences in blood parameters among patients with HNC depending on the type of preparations used for enteral feeding. However, increased levels of liver enzymes in patients fed with commercial formulas were notable. The early initiation of enteral nutrition before surgery helped achieve normal blood glucose levels after surgery. The use of commercial preparations contributed to reducing the number and incidence of postoperative complications.